The Pleasure of Eating by Wendell Berry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Pleasure of Eating by Wendell Berry - Essay Example Urban dwellers mostly rely on fast food and processed food because they find it easier and faster. So what is the importance of food and do people eat with pleasure? People are supposed to rediscover the pleasure of eating as the author claims. Then how is this possible? The question, of finding pleasure in what you eat, is what Berry answers in his book. Berry illustrates the pleasure of eating by empowering consumers to be involved in agriculture and the food they eat. Being an active participant in deciding the kind of food to eat and how it is production takes place makes the consumer more knowledgeable. Knowledge, as we know equals power and freedom of choice as passive consumers do not enjoy the freedom of choosing between healthy foods and unhealthy foods. Eating healthy makes one feel energetic, and end up appreciating food. Berry’s purpose in his book, Pleasure of Eating is to make the audience find pleasure in eating healthy meals. Most city people are passive participants when it comes to deciding the food they eat. Berry tries to stop this by offering solutions to the consumer on the choice of food they consume. He asks, â€Å" How do you get out of this problem?†, is an illustration to the audience to finding the solution to the unhealthy eating problem. The target audience of the author is the passive, uncritical and dependent person who does not care about food production. Food production has been industrialized, and a few individuals get in contact with the product directly. The patron of the food production thought that it was helping the consumer by making their work easier. The food production industries have tried so hard to convince consumers that processed food is what they need because it is easier that way. The industries will grow and prepare your food for you and even beg you to eat it. The industries only do this because they are benefiting from it.

Same Sex Marriage Essay Example for Free

Same Sex Marriage Essay There have been several questions that have caused controversial issues for the government. One of these questions is, Can the government regulate who can and cannot marry? This is an important question relating to same-sex marriages. I believe that the government cannot regulate who can and cannot marry. According to Rainbow SIG, which is a same-sex interest group, it is no one else’s business if two men or two women want to get married. Two people of the same sex who love each other should be allowed to publicly celebrate their commitment and receive the same benefits of marriage of a heterosexual couple. Also, there is no such thing as traditional marriage. Given the prevalence of modern and ancient examples of family arrangements based on polygamy, communal child-rearing, the use of concubines and mistresses and the commonality of prostitution, heterosexual monogamy can be considered unnatural† in evolutionary terms. American Civil Liberties Union says, gay marriage is protected by the Constitutions commitments to liberty and equality. The US Supreme Court declared in 1974’s Cleveland Board of Education v.  LaFleur that the freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life is one of the liberties protected by the Due Process Clause. † Another interest group that supports same-sex marriage is The Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians believes that denying same-sex couples the right to marry families as inferior and sends the message that it is acceptable to discriminate against them Many people and organizations believe that same-sex marriage is a blasphemies sin to Christ and his or her religion. Moreover, many political groups are against same-sex marriage just to get votes and an official chair in office. These people believe they can control the feelings or emotions of a human being. They tend to use the bible as a reference but only use specific parts from the bible such as the book of Proverbs. According to Iowa Politics, a report filed by the New Jersey-based National Organization for Marriage, basically they are a group that opposes same-sex marriage, which spent $86,080 on television ads. The Iowa Supreme Court in April dismissed a 10 year ban of same-sex marriage but allowed the church’s right to decide who can be married under its roof. Based on this nformation, I still do not agree with this. If a national organization can spend almost $90,000 on a ban of gay marriage, couldn’t that same group apply that money for orphan shelters or food banks? Also, I believe that if the church is separate from state, he or she should not have that great of an influence on a national decision. John R. Carter said that he disagrees with same-sex marriage because; and I quote; â€Å"I support maintaining the Defense of Marriage Act†. In conclusion, same-sex marriage can either be allowed or disapproved. However, I believe that same-sex should be allowed. Not based upon religion or a profit but on his or her own beliefs. I mean who gets to say what is traditional. If you look at the culture before today there were practices of polygamy and the use of concubines and mistresses, were normal for them. Even in the bible a lot of people practiced polygamy. So how did heterosexuality become what is traditional? This is just because it is what people in the old day believed was right by a man and woman and also they read only specific parts of the bible where it talks about a man leaving his family to be with women.

The Hot Zone :: essays research papers

Gripping Reality There are many challenges, and day-to-day obstacles that may challenge ones comfort zone. Not often can you find a book that challenges that zone. Richard Preston writes a gripping novel, The Hot Zone, about the deadly Ebola virus. Through gripping detail and realism, Preston accomplishes informing the reader, and challenges the comfort zone, about the Ebola virus between 1967 and 1993. Throughout this 26-year time period, several people became infected with Ebola. Preston first introduces a French man, Charles Monet. Monet had a submissive personality, and only seemed to connect with women. Following a climbing trip from Mount Elgon with one of his mistresses, Monet came down with a headache, and died. However a headache was not the only symptoms Monet had. â€Å"He leans over head on his knees, and brings up an incredible quality of blood from his stomach and spills it onto the floor. With a gasping groan, he falls unconscious. Then comes a sound like a bed sheet being torn in half, which is the sound for his bowls opening and venting blood†(23). As if this wasn’t a horrifying experience for a man to go through, this was not the beginning, nor the end to this virus. Fighting her way to the top, Lt. Col. Nancy Jaax, worked as a Biosafety Level 4 veterinary pathologist. As Level 4 pathologist, Jaax wore a space-type suit, and worked with extremely lethal airborne viruses. The space suit is the only thing that keeps Jaax safe from these deadly viruses. During the dissection of an Ebola infested monkey, the unthinkable happens. â€Å"She glanced down. Her glove. It was drenched in blood, Ebola blood, but now she saw the hole. It was a rip across the palm of the outer glove on her right hand†(87). The reader, and probably even Lt. Col. Nancy Jaax knows the painful, and grotesque death that will soon follow. Preston goes into great detail on each case, causing the reader to cringe at the reality that these cases happened to real people. Even amid today’s technology and medical advances things such as: â€Å"He coughs a deep cough and regurgitates something into the bag†¦ his lips are smeared with something slippery and red, mixed with black specks, as if he has been chewing coffee grounds†(17).

Supporting Career Women

Salvaging Sisterhood: Supporting Career Women Women and the Labor Market: the link grows stronger, by Susan Shank examines women and the emergence of their attachment to the labor market. This article takes a look at the labor market changes of women between the ages 25 and 54. Changes with these ages began throughout the post-World War II period and the rate of increase accelerated in the mid-1960's (Shank, 1988). The author links the rapid changes to various social and economic changes that have occurred in the United States.Historically women stayed home for the large part of their childbearing years, owever during the first world war women entered the workforce after the GI's returns women focused more on traditional family duties. After the Second World War far more women entered the workforce and even upon the return of the soldiers continued to stay in the workforce and those that did leave soon returned to work a few years later. According to age women in the 45 to 54 lead th e return to work postwar period. Rates for the 34 to 44 age group increased as well while 25 to 34 age group hardly changed at all.These were the postwar baby-boom years and most married women orking outside the labor force because of their child and family responsibilities (Shank, 1988). In 1960 women of childbearing in large number numbers began to enter the labor market. The spike in women workforce participants showed a very sharp decline in birth rate during this time period as well. Women began to show greater interest in education and work as time progress and delayed traditional familial norms. Black women had a much higher rate of activity in the workforce postwar than that of white women.The gap has since then narrowed by 1987 the rates for both whites and black women were similar. Hispanic women however were much less likely than black or white women to be apart of the workforce due to high birth rate, generally low educational attainment, and cultural roles that emphasiz e women's home and family roles. Women who where married stayed outside the workforce much longer than those that were single especially with the emergence of divorce and single women pregnancies. In 1987, 79 percent of women under the age of 18 were in the labor force compared to 67 percent for women with children (Shank, 1988).Working women generally were working full time hours 35 hours or more per week, to support heir families voluntarily while only 17 percent worked part time. Sixty-eight percent of women 25 to 54 worked for a full year and an additional 10 percent worked 40 to 49 weeks (Shank, 1988). The article written in 1988 states that there will be a future spike in women's participation in the workforce over the next decade is expected to increase 10 percentage points. I feel this article is an accurate picture of how I see the work force nas changed and the picture ot women today.Women nave become more involved in the workforce, bill paying, as well as family managemen t. This article interests me in terms of career and women because my significant other is the single working woman. From a personal perspective women planning a wedding and participate in pre marriage counseling, may try to examine and resolve some of their feelings about work and â€Å"women's work†. Their partner may have some more traditional views about work while she love it and find herself consumed with the high of a fast-paced extremely full life.I recognize the strain of stretching oneself too thin and figuring out how to manage married life, the balance of spousal needs and her routine eelings of her independent self. Controversies have held back improvements for training new counselors and development of treatment systematic treatment procedures. In order to explore treatment protocols, the debate must be addressed to help validate the suggestions of the impact of mothers' employment on family relationships. These consist of exploring the criteria development of th e designation, and effectively learning how to implement accountability for working career mothers'.The literature-based debate indicates how stresses in family relationships dynamics an be stabilized between home and work time, for full-time or part-time working mothers. Today, working mothers symptoms of normality are constructed in a wide variety of ways as viewed by other counseling colleagues, legislators, and the media. These criteria serve to indicate what can be considered the channel of communication for mother's expression of her genuine identity in the American culture.The Journal article read for this assignment related to career mothers, is entitled, â€Å"The impact of mothers' employment on family relationships† and was centered on my personal life style. The study was conducted by South Bank University as a qualitative case study of mothers working in an accountancy firm in both in the hospital and in the accountancy firm setting, in the London area. The inter views for the case study were completed in 2001 utilizing 37 mothers and 30 fathers in couples who had at least one pre-school age child.The information collected from the study revealed surprising results from the mothers, as well as, the fathers perspective. The case study focused on certain highlighted areas such as, how stresses in family relationships could arise as much from the quality of time pent at work by mothers as well as the amount of time they spent at work (emphasis added). During the interview process mothers and fathers were interviewed separately, in order to gain ‘her' and ‘his' perspective on the relationships, (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003).The sample contained a spread of mothers working full- time or part-time in both the workplaces, and across higher, intermediate and lower status Jobs in the two organizations. The majority of the fathers were employed full- time. The study revealed interesting facts in reference to the dynamics of home and work time for mothers. The case study focused mainly on the management of mothers work time versus the amount of time they spend at work. Family-friendly policies and flexible working practices were the key components, as they have an impact on family life.More focus was given to the extent of autonomy and control that mothers experience in the workplace. The article stated that hospital mothers in higher status Jobs were perceived as having low â€Å"time sovereignty' because of an increased emphasis on managerial roles (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003). It also states, by contrast, that in a devolved organizational structure, mothers in lower tatus Jobs in the accountancy firm tended to see themselves as having high levels of time sovereignty (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003).These are key concerns from the case study that employers may consider addressing in the future (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003). The most interesting facts, revealed from the case study, were the fat hers perspective of the impact mothers working and family relationship. A large portion of fathers established that it was beneficial and enhancing to their relationship. Other qualities that enhanced some relationships were the appreciation nd recognition that enabled their partners to express different aspects of her identity.This finding was impressive because the positive response acknowledged the fact that mothers are appreciated and respected for helping their partners financially as well as with raising a family. The fathers also gave an excellent confirmation that mothers are good partners as well as being ‘good' mothers. Fathers also expressed and recognized that the quality of the mother-child relationship enhances the child's ability to develop useful skills, and to provide them with a ositive role model (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003).In contrast, some fathers were not proud or supportive of their partner's Job. A few fathers had mixed feelings or expressed a n egative reaction because enough time was not being devoted to the family (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003). The fathers expressed that the demands of the mother's work load, and not being able to meet the children's needs completely, caused extreme tension in the household (Callender, Edward, Reynolds, 2003). Personally, the choice of a qualitative study to do the research was very informative.Utilizing 37 mothers and 30 fathers, with at least one pre-school child, was a well-balanced statistical advantage in the research of the case study. Women's contribution in the workforce has conduct to the study of career aspirations of women. Career aspirations are impacted by dynamics such as gender, socioeconomic status, race, parent occupation and education level, and parental expectations. Women have become progressively more engaged in the workforce, and salaried employment of women has shifted from partly traditional female-oriented Jobs to more non-traditional, more formerly male-or iented careers.This analysis of literature presents an impression of women's contribution in the workforce and the evolution of women's career development and career aspirations in the latter half of the 20th century. Despite their increasing numbers, women have tended to enter the workforce in lower-status, lower-paying Jobs, and remain clustered in a limited number of conventional careers (Tinklin, Croxford, Ducklin, & Frame, 2005). Because women's career choices were restricted, their earnings lagged behind their male counterparts with comparable education and experience (Farmer, 1985; Stephenson Surge).Income earnings have been found to increase with educational level and years employed (Day ; Newburger, 2002). However, women earned roughly two- thirds the income of their male counterparts. This discrepancy in income was partially attributed to the disparity between traditionally male and traditionally female occupations. For example, women are less likely to be employed in scie nce or engineering Jobs, as these are considered traditionally male occupations. However, females who are employed in these Jobs earn roughly 20% less their male counterparts (Graham ; Smith, 2005).A barrier is any obstacle that prevents forward movement or any event or condition that makes career progress d tticult (Brown ; Barbosa, 2001). Barriers are considerable factors in the career development process, and the start of such barriers often begins when women are children. Such barriers are reinforced throughout women's schooling, college, and work, and they become more complex over time (Brown & Barbosa; Stephenson & Burge, 1997). In contrast, career aspirations characterize an individual's direction toward a desired career goal under epitome circumstances.Career aspirations are influenced by factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, race, parent's occupation and education level, and parental expectations (Khallad, 2000; Watson et al. , 2002). The literature review provided an overview of the research evidence in examining such factors as the parent's role in career behavior and how they affect individual's career decisions. In recent years, studies such as these indicate the increased awareness of the impact of socioeconomic status, race, gender, and on the career decision-making process and career development of women.Results of studies examining the effects of race on career aspirations have been mixed (Mau & Bikos, 2000; and Hellenga et al. ,2002) noted that previous research typically found African Americans to possess lower career aspirations than their European American counterparts. (Osipow and Fitzgerald, 1996) supported this notion, stating African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans exhibit considerably lower educational and occupational outcomes than Caucasians.Additional studies asserted people from minority groups, particularly those from lower class backgrounds, had more restrictive factors nfluencing their career aspirations comp ared with Caucasian persons from higher class backgrounds. In contrast, a study conducted by Arbona and Now (1991) determined there were no ethnic differences with regard to their career aspirations and socioeconomic status. Although few studies exist regarding effects of socioeconomic status on career choice, researchers agree socioeconomic status influences career choice (Gottfredson, 1981; Sellers et al. , 1999).Mau and Bikos (2000) cited previous findings showing a positive association between a familys socioeconomic status and aspirations. Youth from upper socioeconomic statuses were more likely to be well informed of and decide on professional career occupations. In contrast, Brown and Barbosa (2001) found career aspirations of young females who came from low-income families were confined to experiences of their relatives and friends. Influential siblings are thought to play a key role in the career development of adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (All, McWhirte r, & Chronister, 2005).The differences in findings relative to this literature review indicate more information is necessary and that the target population must be tudied relative to key components such as the focus on successes, achievements, strengths, weaknesses, resources, and the abilities and acquired skills of the children, youth and working mothers. In conclusion, it appears that it is imperative that all of these areas be further studied for working mothers to have effective and successful career development outcomes.

Shui Fabrics Question 1 Ans

Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and theinflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and makedecisions. For example, interest rates affect a firm’s cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and supply and price of imported goods in an economy. There are economic differences that influence the relationship between the partners at Shui Fabrics. Chiu Wai, operated Shanghai Fabrics LTC located in China, before it became a joint venture with Rocky River Industries in the United States. When the companies became a venture, Chiu Wai became the Deputy General Manager for Shui Fabrics in China and venturing company Rocky River Industries located in US. Ray Betzell who is the General Manager for Shui Fabrics came to China from Rocky River Industries. Many companies who do business in others countries and cultures fail miserably. Managers must do their homework and learn the business ethic and culture lifestyles before even considering venturing into markets in different counties. To me it seems like neither of the managers did their homework and are having problems maintaining the economic factors that influence their company. A developing country is a non-industrialized poor country that is seeking to develop its resources by industrialization. A developed country is a country that has a high level of development according to some criteria such as income per capita and industrialization. Political-Legal factors include discrimination, consumer, antitrust, employment, and health and safety law. They also include how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restriction tariffs, and political stability. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Political factors may also include goods and serves which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does now want to be provided. Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Political officials are going to be a big part of the team because they have strong influence on economic life in China. Ray must reach out to them and understand their goals. Success will depend on the personal involvement of top executives. The partners differ dramatically in terms of what constitutes an acceptable financial return. Chiu Wai is happy with achieving a 5% to 6% profit and believes he is viewed as a local hero. Upon achieving his goal he feels that he has done a good job for his country morally and for their side of enterprise by creating jobs for close to 3,000 people. He wants to grow the scope of Shui Fabrics and establish a national brand. Ray Betzell wants a 20% ROI and will only consider growth if it improves profitability, has no interest in creating employment unless it improves the bottom line, is considering maybe having to layoff employees to improve bottom line. He wants to improve quality, and sees no benefit to creating a Chinese brand because it views China as a low-cost manufacturing platform rather than a market. Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, populations growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safely. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company’s products and how the company operates. With this being said, Ray needs to move outside his personal comfort zone as a manager. There seems to be a lack of clear, shared strategy between the two partners. When the company started 10 years ago, Rocky River has launched Shui Fabrics, a 50/50 joint venture between the U. S. extile manufacture and the Chinese company, to produce dye, and coat fabric for sale to both Chinese and international sportswear manufacturers. Intent seemed clear in beginning after many obstacles, considerable red tape and several money losing years the joint venture was fulfilling China expectations and those of local government and party officials. It seems there was once a clear strategy that has been forgotten over the course of ten year s. Another social factor that is different between the partners would be that a profit over 20% return on investment may be perceived as Western exploitation. When it comes to doing business in China, respect for people’s feelings is paramount – this sensitivity that needs to be taken in respect to people’s ‘face’. Face – a cliche, is the currency of advancement. It’s like a social bank account. You spend it and you save it and you invest. And when you take away somebody’s face you take way someone’s fundamental sense of security. Because of China’s history of exploitation by foreign countries who colonized China or raided China for business purposes, particularly in the business sphere, Chinese do not want to be seen culturally as having been ‘had’ by Western usinesspeople. (http://www. nytimes. com/2010/12/14/business/global/14iht-busnav14. html)Chiu Wai is pleased with the way the company is operating and feels that Shui is generating just the right level of profit especially because many U. S. -Chinese joint ventures are still operating in red tape. He se es no reason why Ray’s American bosses shouldn’t be more than satisfied with their 5% annual return on investment. This tells me that Chiu is unclear of his company’s strategic goals. Without a clear strategy it is impossible to choose right structure and extent of cooperation with a foreign partner. Unfortunately Chiu Wai attitude at Shui Fabrics jeopardizes the success of joint venture investment. As you can see the partners don’t share the same vision or philosophy at Shui Fabrics, the joint venture within China and the U. S. The disparity in viewpoints can dramatically hamper performance. In order for them to make the company succeed they need to come up with a clear, shared strategy that they both can agree and understand. Power Distance is the extent to which a community accepts and endorses authority, power differences and status privileges. In China, social relationships are formal, hierarchical. People mostcomfortable in the presence of a hierarchy in which they know their position andthe customs/rules for behavior in the situation. The Americans social relationships are informal, egalitarian. People mostcomfortable with their social equals; importance of social rankings minimized. 2. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies onsocial norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events. In China, obligation relationships with other people involve reciprocalobligations. In American, obligation people avoid interdependent relationships andsituations that might entail long term obligations. 3. Individualism and collectivism Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose and everyone is expected to look after him/herself and hisor her immediate family only. Collectivism stands for society in which people from birthonwards are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups, which throughout people’slifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The Chinese are collectivist because they place higher value on groupcooperation and individual modesty. The Americans are individualism because they place higher value on self-reliance. Self-promotion is more accepted. High value on freedom from externallyimposed constraints. 4. Masculinity/femininity indicates the extent to which dominant values in a society tendto be assertive and look more interested in things than in concerning for people and thequality of life. The Chinese are relationship-oriented maintaining a harmonious relationshiphas priority over accomplishing tasks. Americans have task-oriented relationships that are less important than gettingthe work done. 5. Assertiveness is the degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational, andaggressive in their relationships with others. The Chinese avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversionaltopics. Concern maintaining harmony and with face. Americans are willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversionaltopics, press personal opinions about what they consider the truth. Little concernwith face. 6. Future Orientation is the degree to which a collective encourages and rewards futureoriented behaviors such as planning and delaying gratification. The Chinese pay relatively more attention to the past and the longer termfuture. Americans are less interested in the past they focus on the near-term future7. Gender differentiation is the degree to which a collective minimized gender inequality. In China, traditionally a person’s status in the society was based importantlyon inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. In America, traditionally a person’s status in the society was based importantlyon inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. 8. Performance orientation

Carla Jones 11y set 1 Physics Investigation Essays

Carla Jones 11y set 1 Physics Investigation Essays Carla Jones 11y set 1 Physics Investigation Essay Carla Jones 11y set 1 Physics Investigation Essay Brief: A parachute manufacturer wants to find a suitable design for a parachute, which will let fragile scientific interments land safely. You must research and design ways of solving this problem. Having completed the practical you must make recommendations base d on your results.Factors that I could chose to investigate.There were many things that I could have chosen to investigate all of which I thought would make a difference to the fall, speed or landing of a parachute. These were :-* Surface area of the parachute,* Material used to make the parachute,* The Shape of the parachute,* The number of strings on the parachute,* The mass of the load attached to the parachute,* The weather conditions,* The height from which the parachute is dropped,* The surface the parachute and load land on and,* The length of the strings.* Surface area of the parachute.Basic informationBackground knowledge.Explanation of air resistance.An object that is falling through the atm osphere is subjected to two external forces. The first force is the gravitational force, which can be expressed as the weight of the object. In an equation for weight the weight can be defined as (W) which can be equal to the mass (m) of the object times the gravitational acceleration (g), (which is 9.8 meters per square second on the surface of the earth.)The gravitational acceleration decreases with the square of the distance from the centre of the earth. In the atmosphere, the motion of a falling object is opposed by the air resistance, or drag. The drag equation tells us that drag (D) is equal to a drag coefficient (Cd) times one half the air density (r) times the velocity (V) squared times a reference area (A) on which the drag coefficient is based.The motion of a falling object can be described by Newtons second law of motion, Force (F) = mass (m) times acceleration (a). Which can be written as (a = F / m). The external force is equal to the difference between the weight and t he drag forces (F = W D). The acceleration of the object then becomes a = (W D) / m . The drag force depends on the square of the velocity. So as the body accelerates its velocity (and the drag) will increase. It will reach a point where the drag is exactly equal to the weight. When drag is equal to weight, there is no net external force on the object, and the acceleration will become equal to zero. The object will then fall at a constant velocity. The constant velocity iscalled the terminal velocity.The following information was taken from a sky diving website and I have summarised the information give of the conditions they think best for skydiving. I think that it demonstrates how small changes could change the speed of the fall.Drag Co-efficient The best way to describe this is the thickness of the air. Wave your hand about in the air quickly not much resistance there. Now put your hand in a bathtub of water and try the same it is harder work. The water has a higher drag co- efficient than air. However, air does have a significant drag co-efficient too. Simply, the higher the drag, the slower speed things will fall at.Surface area: This is the main part on which drag takes place. The larger the surface area, the more drag is created, and the slower things will fall. E.g. Take a sheet of flat paper. Drop it, and watch it slowly fall. Now fold it in half twice and drop it again. Its the same paper, same weight, and same shape, just a smaller surface area you will notice how it falls faster. Larger surface area equatees to slower.Shape: Different shaped objects will to fall at different speeds. The basic rule is smooth rounded objects will fall faster than flat objects. Similarly, slower again we have shapes that cup or catch air.After looking at the options that are available to me and at the background information, I have decided to look at surface area for my investigation because I fell that this will give noticeable and reliable results and gaps betwe en the results collected.Prediction.I think that the larger the surface area of the parachute the longer it will take to fall a set distance. I think this because I know that as surface area increases so does friction, which will effect the speed at which the parachute will fall to the ground. I know that if you take a sheet of flat paper. Drop it, and watch it slowly fall. Now fold it in half twice and drop it again. Its the same paper, same weight, and same shape, just a smaller surface area you will notice how it falls faster. This happens because the surface area and therefore friction levels have been decreased as the paper was screwed up into a ball.ApparatusBlack bin bag cut into squares of the following areas500cm1000cm1500cm200cm2500cmWe used 50 cm of string tied op corners 100-500 sr 1200.851.02111 135 173free_ringtones_free_logos.comScisors selotapePen/pencil to mark black bin bag calculator.StringStop clock,Weight,Distance to drop parachute fromRulerDiagram. StringTape.B lack bin bag cut to required sizeMethod.Collect and set up all equipment as in diagrams above.

The revolutionary war and its famous writers that effected it. Authors such as thomas paine, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry.

The revolutionary war and its famous writers that effected it. Authors such as thomas paine, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry. The Revolutionary War created the pathway to what we are now. We became independent and it gave us freedom from Britain's King. The war led us to the new life we wanted without control of outside countries. But without the encouragement of writers to help us in our time of need, things still would not have been that easy. Some of the great writers that influenced others to make history happen would be Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry. These men wrote articles that encouraged others to stand up for what they believed in, and they wrote remarkable speeches that helped us become who we are. They had the courage to write their thoughts into writing that inspired many to fight for what they believed in. Without the help of literature within the period of our time, maybe things would've gone differently.The winter of 1776 was a dreadful time for George Washington and his troops.English: This is a high-resolution image of the Un...They had little food, inadequate shelter, a nd many were deserting (Berstein 161). Into this horrible situation came Thomas Paine. In England, he had moved, without success, through several occupations. He then began to write essays supporting America's fight for independence, shortly after his arrival in 1774. In December of 1776, he started to write a series of articles entitled The Crisis. His words inspired many soldiers to enlist in the army and encouraged them to continue fighting. After the publication of his articles, the first anti-slavery movement, The American Antislavery Society, was found (Katz 1). His beliefs of universal order, in human perfectibility, and in the power of reason, guided him throughout his life to express himself and persuade others to fight for what they believed in. Yet Paine, a fuzzy historical figure of the 1700s, is remembered mostly for one or two...

Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912

Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912 In Lawrence, Massachusetts, the textile industry had become the center of the towns economy. By the early 20th century, most of those employed were recent immigrants. They often had few skills other than those used at the mill; about half the workforce were women or were children younger than 18. The death rate for workers was high; one study by Dr. Elizabeth Shapleigh showed that 36 out of 100 died by the time they were 25 years old. Until the events of 1912, few were members of unions, other than a few of the skilled workers, usually native-born, who belonged to a union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Some lived in housing provided by the companies - housing provided at rental costs that did not go down when companies reduced wages. Others lived in cramped quarters in tenement houses in the town; housing in general was priced higher than elsewhere in New England. The average worker at Lawrence earned less than $9 per week; housing costs were $1 to $6 per week. Introduction of new machinery had sped up the pace of work in the mills, and workers resented that the increased productivity usually meant pay cuts and layoffs for the workers as well as making the work more difficult. Beginning the Strike Early in 1912, mill owners at the American Wool Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts, reacted to a new state law reducing the number of hours that women could work to 54 hours per week by cutting the pay of their women mill workers. On January 11, a few Polish women at the mills went on strike when they saw that their pay envelopes had been shorted; a few other women at other mills in Lawrence also walked off the job in protest. The next day, on January 12, ten thousand textile workers walked off the job, most of them women. The city of Lawrence even rang its riot bells as an alarm. Eventually, the numbers striking rose to 25,000. Many of the strikers met the afternoon of January 12, with the result of an invitation to an organizer with the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) to come to Lawrence and help with the strike. Strikers demands include: 15% pay increase.54 hour work week.Overtime pay at double the normal rate of pay.Elimination of bonus pay, which rewarded only a few and encouraged all to work longer hours. Joseph Ettor, with experience organizing in the west and Pennsylvania for the IWW, and who was fluent in several of the languages of the strikers, helped organize the workers, including representation from all the different nationalities of the mill workers, which included Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, French-Canadian, Slavic, and Syrian. The city reacted with nighttime militia patrols, turning fire hoses on strikers, and sending some of the strikers to jail. Groups elsewhere, often Socialists, organized strike relief, including soup kitchens, medical care, and funds paid to the striking families. Leading to Violence On January 29, a woman striker, Anna LoPizzo, was killed as police broke up a picket line. Strikers accused the police of the shooting. Police arrested IWW organizer Joseph Ettor and Italian socialist, newspaper editor, and poet Arturo Giovannitti who were at a meeting three miles away at the time and charged them as accessories to murder in her death. After this arrest, martial law was enforced and all public meetings were declared illegal. The IWW sent some of its more well-known organizers to help out the strikers, including Bill Haywood, William Trautmann, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and Carlo Tresca, and these organizers urged the use of nonviolent resistance tactics. Newspapers announced that some dynamite had been found around town; one reporter revealed that some of these newspaper reports were printed before the time of the supposed finds. The companies and local authorities accused the union of planting the dynamite and used this accusation to try to stir up public sentiment against the union and strikers. (Later, in August, a contractor confessed that the textile companies had been behind the dynamite plantings, but he committed suicide before he could testify to a grand jury.) About 200 children of strikers were sent to New York, where supporters, mostly women, found foster homes for them. The local Socialists made their arrivals into demonstrations of solidarity, with about 5,000 turning out on February 10. Nurses - one of them Margaret Sanger - accompanied the children on the trains. The Strike in the Public's Eye The success of these measures in bringing public attention and sympathy resulted in the Lawrence authorities intervening with militia with the next attempt to send children to New York. Mothers and children were, according to temporary reports, clubbed and beaten as they were arrested. Children were taken from their parents. The brutality of this event led to an investigation by the U.S. Congress, with the House Committee on Rules hearing testimony from strikers. President Tafts wife, Helen Heron Taft, attended the hearings, giving them more visibility. The mill owners, seeing this national reaction and likely fearing further government restrictions, gave in on March 12 to the strikers original demands at the American Woolen Company. Other companies followed. Ettor and Giovannittis continued time in jail awaiting a trial led to further demonstrations in New York (led by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) and Boston. Members of the defense committee were arrested and then released. On September 30, fifteen thousand Lawrence mill workers walked out in a one-day solidarity strike. The trial, finally begun in late September, took two months, with supporters outside cheering the two men. On November 26, the two were acquitted. The strike in 1912 at Lawrence is sometimes called the Bread and Roses strike because it was here that a picket sign carried by one of the striking women reportedly read We Want Bread, But Roses Too! It became a rallying cry of the strike, and then of other industrial organizing efforts, signifying that the largely unskilled immigrant population involved wanted not just economic benefits but recognition of their basic humanity, human rights, and dignity.

Police Brutality Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Police Brutality Law - Research Paper Example Besides, various states and regions have come up with their own police brutality laws. For example, in Minnessotta, Police brutality not only entails excessive use of force by police, but also entails; unnecessary gun use, beating civilians with fists, using batons to beat civilians, choking, unnecessary and inappropriate use of pepper spray, using police dogs inappropriately, body slamming against hard surfaces, abuse of the rights of a prisoner, and the unnecessary and inappropriate use of tasers by police (Johnson 26). Police brutality laws Police brutality laws not only apply to police officers, but also apply to sheriffs, detectives, security guards and many deputies. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) denotes that violations by law enforcement officers may be categorized under use of unwarranted excessive force, verbal abuse, racial-profiling, harassment and discrimination; however, all these subsections denote police abuse and brutality. Any police officer in the US who uses undue excessive force on civilians violates the 5th and 14th Amendments of the US Constitution. The Fifth Amendment is used by US courts when guarding against unreasonable searches and seizures in various police brutality cases. The 5th Amendment guarantees that civilians have freedom from any unreasonable searches and seizures. Using this amendment, judges and advocates have argued that law enforcement officers need not cause harm to citizens. The US Supreme Court states that the word ‘reasonable’ implies that various situations need various amounts of force, and as a result of this excessive force should in all circumstances be avoided. Apart from protecting against police brutality, the 5th Amendment also requires that no individual should be compelled to be one’s own witness in criminal proceeding (Mary 47). The Fourteenth Amendment requires that no state in the US shall enact and enforce laws that are repugnant to the privileges and immunities of Ameri can citizens. The 14th Amendment further states that no State has the right of depriving American Citizens liberty, life or property without following lawful procedures. This implies that all citizens are required to appear before judicial bodies whenever they are suspected to have contravened the law. Therefore, use of excessive force by police violates the 14th Amendment because it is a way of punishing civilians before they are actually tried before judicial systems (Walker, Spohn & Delone 49). Apart from the 4th and 14th Amendments, there are other laws that have been passed in the past, and these have ensured that police brutality should not be condoned. The 6th Amendment stipulates that people accused of criminal activities are accorded rights to an attorney, rights to speedy trials and impartial jury and right to confront or even cross-examine accusers. The 6th Amendment is helpful where the accused is beaten or forced to make a confession so that he can be prosecuted. This a mendment also protects individuals who are accused by use of evidence that culminated from illegal searches and seizures. The Eighth Amendment is important in that it protects all inmates from excessive force and unusual punishments. Therefore, whenever one is convicted of a crime, police brutality invokes the application of

Why might the cost of capital fall if financial markets are no longer Essay

Why might the cost of capital fall if financial markets are no longer segmented What evidence is there of this effect - Essay Example Last two decades witnessed greater segmentation of financial markets. The major causes of increased financial market segmentation can be attributed to economic and regulatory barriers that raise difficulties in full market integration. In the opinion of Buch (179), although direct regulatory restrictions such as capital controls to financial market integration have been eradicated, some complex forms of indirect regulatory controls are still in force. When the financial markets are largely concentrated, it will certainly increase the costs associated with international financial transactions. This paper will discuss why the cost of capital falls if financial markets are no longer segmented. Factors affecting cost of capital From a company’s point of view, the return on investment which is required to satisfy the investor’s interests is called cost of capital. Cost of capital consists of several factors such as equity capital, debt holders, and hybrid securities (Cost of capital). In order to understand the fluctuations in cost of capital associated with financial market segmentation, it is necessary to evaluate the factors affecting cost of capital. There are controllable and uncontrollable factors that affect cost of capital. A. Controllable factors As the term indicates, the company has a control over these factors and it is grouped into three such as capital structure policy, dividend policy, and investment policy. 1. Capital structure policy As discussed above, equity capital is a component of cost of capital. When more equity is issued, normally, cost of equity increases and thereby cost of capital. A similar process repeats when more debt is issued. 2. Dividend policy The dividend policy affects the cost of capital and it can be controlled by adjusting firm’s payout ratio. Since the firm has control over its payout ratio, MCC schedule’s breakpoint can also be effectively changed (CFA level 1- Factors affecting the cost of capit al). 3. Investment policy When a company formulates investment decisions, it deals with some degree of risk and it causes to change the structure of cost of debt and cost of equity. Consequently, it produces a proportional change in cost of capital also. B. Uncontrollable factors It also affects the cost of capital and the company has no control over these factors. It mainly includes level of interest rates and tax rates. In the view of Kapil (280), economic and market conditions also contribute to the change in cost of capital and these elements also fall under the head uncontrollable factors. 1. Level of interest rates â€Å"The level of interest rates will affect the cost of debt and, potentiality, the cost of equity (CFA level 1†¦..)†. For instance, level of interest rates has a direct impact on cost of debt by which an increase in interest rates causes a proportional increase in cost of debt and which in turn increases cost of capital. 2. Tax rates Cost of debt afte r taxation is clearly affected by changing tax rates. When tax rates increase, it is obvious that cost of debt would decrease further causing a decline in cost of capital. Lack of financial market segmentation and cost of capital fall When national financial markets are largely segmented, it becomes small and inactive. According to Errunza and Miller, as a result of this increased capital market segmentation, most of the domestic investors holding large number of local shares were included in these concentrated segments. The authors argue that this situation led to the rise in cost of capital. According to this argument, cost of capital falls if financial markets are no longer segmented. In the opinion of Buchanan (as cited in The trade news), if the capital market traders have good knowledge

Organational Theory and Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organational Theory and Leadership - Term Paper Example An organization is a social group that works for a collective goal. It is usually composed of different kinds of people, who have their own role in the organization. An organization usually has a mission and a vision, and each member works towards the organizations goal. Each member has a purpose, and each members contribution should help the organization move towards its goal. However, each organization needs a leader to guide the members in reaching their specific, as well as collective goal. Thus, in order for an organization to function efficiently, it is essential to have a leader that understands the workings of his organization. There are different theories on how an organization works. One of the most popular theories on organizational studies is the classical organization theory. According to this theory, an organization should have a defined job and a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability, in order to assure its efficiency. The organization is likened to a machine, with the members functioning as the different parts of the machine. It is thus not surprising that Frederick Winslow Taylor is one of the proponents of the classical theory. F.W. Taylor is a mechanical engineer by profession, and is regarded as the "father of scientific management". In the classical point of view, an organization should be output-oriented. Just like a machine, each part should work well with the other parts in order to ensure productivity. However, unlike a machine, an organization is composed of people, not nuts and bolts that can be overworked without any complaints. People, unlike parts of a machi ne, have needs, and when these needs are not provided, they would find it difficult to be productive. Thus, critics found this theory somewhat unreasonable and thus, scholars started formulating other theories to explain the dynamics of organizations. If organizations cannot be likened to

School Choice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Choice - Article Example One disturbing consequence of high stakes testing is the reduction or elimination of activities that are not tested. Teachers feel that they cannot spend time on such things as class meetings to promote decision-making, discussing current events and interdisciplinary projects and even recess. Whatever is not in the test gets eliminated. Just as students who are only interested in grades are famous for asking if they have to know something, now teachers who are only teaching to test are asking ‘do we have to teach this?’. When testing at a given grade is limited to Math and language arts then the other subjects such as science, social studies, and art suffer. This has created a new difficulty for teaching and teachers because if they are only teaching a subject for the test then this may lead to poor teaching. On the other hand, some teachers may choose to have their subjects tested just so that they can keep the subject on the curriculum Kohn refers to this as ‘bar gaining with the devil’. It can mean that the curriculum gets twisted to fit into the testing mode. As one language arts teacher is reported to have said that the class has not been doing any reading since they started to prepare for the reading test. Other subjects are suffering the same fate. These facts and information are soon forgotten. There is a disturbing consequence where good teaching means poor test preparation and conversely preparing for the test encourages the worst kind of teaching.

Do you ever feel as if your living between two worlds Essay - 1

Do you ever feel as if your living between two worlds - Essay Example I moved in the United States at the age of seventeen, and this was a major turning point in my life. The reason I moved here was to go to a good school and get a good education. In my country, education is greatly valued, and my parents thought that the US would offer me the best education in the world. I was really excited about what I would find here. However, my excitement quickly turned to apprehension once I landed at the airport as I realized that a whole new chapter of my life was about to begin. As a teenager, my life was not very smooth. When I came to the US things became even worse. I had very many questions about what I really wanted out of life. I had even more questions about what was right in terms of culture, family and values. I used to wander if not talking my language would really change who I really am. However, I did not have all the answers to all these questions and I realized that time was moving really fast and I had to settle down. I decided that I would try to leave as normal a life as possible since I believed that I held my destiny in my hands. I remember the first time I ventured out into the grocery store. This was only three days since my arrival in the US and everything was still strangely new to me. The people were different, and so were products and brands offered in the shops. Even the way customers were treated in these shops was very new to me. Back in Iran, I was used to looking at the price of products depending on their weight which was mostly in kilograms. However in the US, weight is measured in pounds, something that I took a really long time getting used to. I also had difficulties communicating fluently in English since I was used to speaking Farsi or Arabic back at home. I made a few friends with whom we used to do a few things together. However, having American friends did not help me settle down into my new culture as fast as I wanted. I could let them know of my

The Role of Academic Qualifications in Becoming a Good Teacher Research Paper

The Role of Academic Qualifications in Becoming a Good Teacher - Research Paper Example The teacher should have a good perception about what the student needs to learn, or learning standards.   Based on that, the teacher should device strategies. The strategies must focus all the students in the class irrespective of the individual differences. Ordinary teachers address only one segment of the class either the average students or the brilliant students. Brilliant teachers formulate good strategies for catering the needs of all the students irrespective of poor, average or brilliant. Only those teachers who were successful in effectively teaching all the segments of the class can be considered as good teachers. The learning process is takes place through the communication between the teacher and the students. So communication has immense importance in the learning process. The teacher must be a good communicator in order to convey the topic effectively to the students. A person with good track records in academics, but a bad communicator, can never be a good teacher. W hatever the knowledge and the skills a person have should be transferred to the students in an efficient manner to become a good teacher.The success of the teacher lies in the methodologies he employed in transferring his expertise on the subject to the students. Some teachers motivate the students to the topic through some interesting experiences in daily life. .In order to teach the physical term inertia, most of the teachers will use interesting experiences form life like what will happen if the driver applies an emergency break.

Do you ever feel as if your living between two worlds Essay - 1

Do you ever feel as if your living between two worlds - Essay Example I moved in the United States at the age of seventeen, and this was a major turning point in my life. The reason I moved here was to go to a good school and get a good education. In my country, education is greatly valued, and my parents thought that the US would offer me the best education in the world. I was really excited about what I would find here. However, my excitement quickly turned to apprehension once I landed at the airport as I realized that a whole new chapter of my life was about to begin. As a teenager, my life was not very smooth. When I came to the US things became even worse. I had very many questions about what I really wanted out of life. I had even more questions about what was right in terms of culture, family and values. I used to wander if not talking my language would really change who I really am. However, I did not have all the answers to all these questions and I realized that time was moving really fast and I had to settle down. I decided that I would try to leave as normal a life as possible since I believed that I held my destiny in my hands. I remember the first time I ventured out into the grocery store. This was only three days since my arrival in the US and everything was still strangely new to me. The people were different, and so were products and brands offered in the shops. Even the way customers were treated in these shops was very new to me. Back in Iran, I was used to looking at the price of products depending on their weight which was mostly in kilograms. However in the US, weight is measured in pounds, something that I took a really long time getting used to. I also had difficulties communicating fluently in English since I was used to speaking Farsi or Arabic back at home. I made a few friends with whom we used to do a few things together. However, having American friends did not help me settle down into my new culture as fast as I wanted. I could let them know of my

Geochemistry of natural waters Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Geochemistry of natural waters - Term Paper Example However there a lot of evidence of human influence that either positively or negatively affect the whole cycle. Therefore in studying geochemistry of natural waters we will try to explain how the water cycle, the soil organic matters its importance, the behavior of some soil components and their interactions (Benites, 2005). The geological process involves a series of actions where hot molten material coming to the earth’s surface from the interior forms igneous rocks which are then broken down by weathering to create soil and the sedimentary rocks. The geologic cycle is a collective term used to describe complex interactions between component sub-cycles of the tectonic, hydrologic and biological cycling of elements. These sub-cycles will influence each other and in the end result to natural hazards and other processes which may be important to the environmental geology e. g ground water flow. Soil Chemistry and soil fertility Soil Chemistry Soil being the top layer of the ear th’s crust supports the growth of some organic matter and is made up of components such as pH, nutrient level plus the organic content which in the end determines the type of the soil (Regina, 2006). However the factors listed above will either vary depending on the type of crop which grows in that soil type and within a given geographic location. These factors will result to different soil quality types and the soil quality can be best determined by conducting soil test. Soil can be modified to suit other purposes such as farming. This can be done in several ways such as liming. This is the use of lime powder that will be spread on the soil to alter the pH of the soil. This is made possible because of the presence of Calcitic limestone (CaCo3) (Tan, 2011). This is usually a good source of Calcium and neutralizes the soil acidity. For plants survival there are nutrients to facilitate the growth the three most important being Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen which can be obtained i n large quantities from the atmosphere and water surrounding the plant that is ground water. Therefore the ground water plays a big role in the whole cycle. Soil chemistry began with early observations by experimenters. The first study was by J. Thomas. With time came to prove that, it is indeed true that soils can retain cations in exchange for equal amount of Calcium (Ca2+) ions (Tan, 2011). Soil Fertility With the term soil fertility we refer to that situation where a given type of soil is very rich in nutrients such as potassium nitrogen and phosphorous which are requirements for plant nutrition. With it also would be sufficient minerals and soil organic matter (Cuevas, 1994). The mineral traces are majorly for plant nutrition while the organic matter helps to improve the soil structure and enable the soil retain more moisture. Fertile soils have a good soil structure, facilitating proper drainage. However some soils are known to be wetter and retain more water content than othe rs. Soil formation in itself is a very long process and can take up to 100-10000 years for a single inch to be formed. This can be attributed to several factors such as climate, topography living organisms and most important is the parent material. The parent material result from the breakdown of rocks or from the deposits by

Con Man Essay Example for Free

Con Man Essay This is covered under clause 29, which covers the Revision of date of completion of the project. Under clause 29 the JBCC lists events where the contractor is entitled to a revision of date practical completion but is not due compensation and those that the contractor is due compensation, in the case of the JBCC, the value of the contract or project will not change as a result of the listed event. All though this is the case, some of the events listed under clause 29. 1 are covered in section 6, but have different consequences. One such issue is how the different contracts deal with adverse weather effects on works during construction period. While the NEC contract states the effects of weather on the works as a compensation event under clause 60. 1. 13, where a weather measurement is recorded during a calendar month, before the completion date for the whole of works and at the place stated in the contract data, the weather event must occur less frequently than once in ten years to be a compensation event. This could mean that should this occur the contractor is due compensation for any costs incurred and a revision of completion time. While the JBCC deals with weather in a different way. In clause 29. states the circumstances where the contractor is entitled to a revision of the completion date but where the principal agent shall not adjust the contract value, are the delays to practical completion caused by various events. One such event, stated in clause 29. 1. 1 is the adverse effects of weather conditions. This implies that the contractor can not claim for adjustment to contract value due to adverse weather condition s like in the NEC contract. This is one less compensation event that will need to be budgeted for under the JBCC agreement. Another difference in this is under clause 60. 9 of the NEC contract which covers events neither party could account for or prevent which stops the contractor continuing works and is not one of the stated compensation events. While this is covered in the JBCC under clause 29. 1. 4 as an event that neither party could prevent also, it only allows the contractor a revision of date of completion without a revaluation of the project. The JBCC recognizes some events as requiring compensation and others not, while the NEC all the events are seen as compensation events which will require the employer to pay the contractor more money. In regards to the communication of such events occurring the NEC gives the contractor considerably more time to notify the Project Manager of the possibility of the compensation event occurring. This is stated under clause 61. 3 which gives the contractor a maximum of eight weeks to notify the Project Manager of the event, failing to do so will mean that the contractor will not be entitled to change prices or the completion date. This is only if the Project Manager failed to notify the contractor of the event, if it was the responsibility of the Project Manager to do so. While in the JBCC also allows for a time period, which gives the contractor more time to claim compensation if any of the events occur that are listed in clause 29. 1 to 29. 3. Under clause 29. 4. 1-3, the contract states that the contractor must notify the principal agent within 20 days of becoming aware of the event and must take all steps to try and avoid it. There is also a 40 day period after which the event has occurred, within which the contractor must alert the principal agent of it occurring or lose out on being able to claim for compensation. This is stated under clause 29. 5 of the contract. In both contracts these claims are submitted to the project manager, in the NEC and to the principal agent in the JBCC. These claims are investigated by the employer’s agents, clause 61. 4 in the NEC, states that the project manager must decide whether the event occurred as a result of actions taken by the contractor, or has not happened or is not expected to happen, has no effect upon the defined cost or completion date and is not one of the listed compensation events, the project manager may decide that the contractor has no grounds for his claim and deny the contractor compensation. If the project manger does decide that there are grounds for the claim he notifies the contractor to submit a quotations for the claim. Should the project manager fail to reply the contractor within a week or a longer time period that is agreed upon by both parties, then the claim is viewed to have been accepted by the project manager. The contractor is the free to submit quotations for the claim. While in the JBCC the process is similar, and is covered under clause 29. which gives the principal agent 15 working days of receiving the claim to grant or refuse the working days claimed or revaluation of contract value depending on the basis of the claim. During which time the principal agent shall determine the revised date of practical completion and identify each circumstance and relevant sub-clause and for each event grant or deny the contractors claim. The principal agent must also supply reasons for the decisions he or she has made. But while in the NEC no response by the project m anager, the claim is deemed to have been accepted, in the JBCC it is assumed that the claim has been rejected. This is sated under clause 29. 8, which provides certain cover for the employer should there be a mishap and the principal agent is unable to reply the contractor, unlike in the NEC. In essence the JBCC contract is the better contract on managing the cost of the project along with time constraints. The contract clearly states the events which if they do occur, will require revision of the date of practical completion and also which events will require both a revision of the date and revaluation of the project. While under the NEC contract the events listed are events that can all be claimed for money by the contractor, which may lead to the employer having to set aside a greater budget for contingencies because of the number of items listed that can be claimed as a compensation event. The better contract that would ease the client’s worries about budget and time constraints is the JBCC principal agreement. References 1. JBCC Series 2000 Principal Building Agreement Edition 5. 0 2. NEC Engineering and Construction Contract

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

How far a person will go to accomplish a dream has no limits. If it includes self-reinvention, illegal acts, and self-indulgence the dream may not be as a result significant. But that is the case, in The Great Gatsby, by F Scott Fitzgerald, as the narrator Nick tells the accomplishments and wasted acts of the man known as Gatsby. Nick chooses to tell us this story to illustrate the consequences of Gatsby a man who he in the end has a positive opinion of and respects for his courage at attempting to fulfill a futile dream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nick, the narrator, tells Gatsby’s story to paint a picture of an American Dream and how it becomes so crucial to accomplish a certain part of the dream that one becomes careless; which leads into other outside ambitions that alter the dream and which is therefore never accomplished. Nick summarizes this by saying â€Å"So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past† (189). This quote is most significant because it sums up the book and how it can be applied to Gatsby’s life and the life of numerous others. It says â€Å"we† are like boats beating against the current meaning that people struggle to prosper for a dream but never truly achieve happiness. Although people to some extent do prosper they desire more and more that ultimately forget, dim or glorify the purpose of the dream and that leads t them into never attaining happiness. Gatsby’s life is an example of all of this because he reached hig h for Daisy’s love but in the end did not receive it because he was rather immoral in his journey in doing so. The end of Gatsby’s story is full of sad events and the reader must read between the lines. The reader must come to understand that Nick tells us Gatsby’s story as an example of what not to do, so that somehow readers can learn from the mistakes others commit and their own so that humanity can live more of a complete life. From the beginning Nick tells us how he controversially feels about Gatsby. Nick says â€Å"Gatsby who represented everything for which I have and unaffected scorn† (6) later goes on and says â€Å"Gatsby turned out all right at the end† (6). It is difficult for the reader to come to a conclusion as to what Nick’s opinion of Gatsby is.

the good and bad of telecommuting :: essays research papers

The good and bad of telecommuting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Telecommuting may be the movement of the future, which will allow more people to work away from the office. Many people see telecommuting as a way to be close to home or allow them to be connected to their organization while working abroad. While telecommuting might work for some people, telecommuting is not for everyone. There are many disadvantages; as well advantages to telecommuting which most people do not take into account. When considering telecommuting, the advantages fall for both employer and employee. The same can be said about the disadvantages of telecommuting. Advantages of Telecommuting One of the main driving factors for any company is economics and how will telecommuting allow the corporation to be profitable. The primary saving for companies embarking upon the telecommuting concept is the reduction in the amount of office space required to conduct business. Telecommuting benefits the employer because they have an expanded pool of employees. The skills of employees with commuting difficulties, childcare conflict, disabilities, geographical barriers are made available to a telecommuting employer. Companies are now starting to expanding oversees where the labor price is cheaper for telecommuting. This however can be looked at as both an advantage to the employer, and as a disadvantage to the employee. The advantage of telecommuting for some employees can be invaluable. One huge advantage an employee has when telecommuting is flexibility. Telecommuting allows for increased flexibility to coordinate work schedules with personal and family priorities. Flexible working arrangements improve quality and work done (Dudman, 2001). Achieving a balance between work and personal duties can help individuals gain more control over their lives. Often overlooked is the impact telecommuting has on the environment. One great advantage for the environment is the conservation of energy. With a great deal of energy is required to produce a vast amount of transportation vehicles such as automobiles, buses and subways. The fuel required to operate these vehicles would be reduced. An employee also is also a great consumer of energy, once at an office, the office building has heating, cooling, and lighting needs. When magnified, the energy use can be great. Whereas working from home requires only a minimal amount of energy use for heating, cooling, and lighting needs. For every advantage, most of the time there are disadvantages associated with it. Disadvantages of Telecommuting One huge disadvantage that employers face with the use of telecommuting is losing direct control over the employees.

Winning by Jack Welch

As the name itself suggests, the book is all about winning. Winning as a business, winning as a manager, winning as an employee and also winning in the personal life. The book is written in a way that is now popularly known as ‘blog-speak’. There are no jargons used and it’s a typical CEO type of writing. In the book, Welch touches a range of issues ranging from mission and values to Six Sigma in a very lucid manner. The book is a treat for anyone who really wants to know what it takes to make a great company and a great manager as it is written by a man who is known as the best CEO of America. The book starts with explaining foundation stones that an organization must have in order to become a winning company under the section ‘Underneath It All’. These are mission and values, candor, differentiation, voice and dignity. Welch explains all these requirements in detail, giving first hand examples from GE and other real life stories. The section gives fair and actual understanding of the cliched words like mission and values and methods of instilling them in the company firmly. After explaining about foundations Jack Welch turns the discussion to leadership in the Your Company part. He explains things needed in a strong leader. The leader should be able to convert organization’s mission into actions. He needs to instil values in the culture of the company. A leader should be able to appreciate and be adeptable to change. A function of the leader also includes picking winners for the company. The leader should be able to take tough decisions and manage crisis. The most important thing for a leader is to gain trust of the team. He should lead by setting examples and ‘leading from the front’. From the section, I gained a good amount of understanding about leadership qualities and how to actually get things done. After developing a strong leadership, the next step Welch suggests is knowing your competition. You must know what your competitors are doing, how they are doing it, and how to counter the attack. When you know what others are doing or are going to do, it will help you in developing your own strategies, which shall, in turn, translate into your budgeting for execution of those strategies. If you want to grow your company, there are two ways in which it can be done: organic growth i.e starting something new afreash and Mergers and Acquisitions. The company needs to utilize both in order to grow. Both methods require different but clear stategies. This section gave insight into the real running of a company. In the next section: Your Career, Jack Welch explains how companies recruit best employees. Its chapters talk about how to get the right job for you, how to get promoted and the likes. Welch also talks about work-life balance. The last part is about questions and answers that were discussed in a number of sessions that Jack Welch attended throughout the world. WINNING is a must read for anyone who loves business whether he is a CEO or a management student. The talk is quite straightforward, full of insights gained from first hand experience of running GE successfully for twenty years. The reader would find the quality that is emphasised by Welch himself – ‘candor’ in his writings throughout the book. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Market Segments Essay

Three good ways to define market segments: (1) Who the customers are; (2) Where they are; (3) How they behave. How does each of these definitions apply to you? Name three market segments of which you could belong. Why? What products or services are you being targeted for? Some of the best ways to define a market segment are: Identifiable: The process should identify one or more relatively homogeneous groups of prospective buyers with regard to their wants and needs and/or their likely responses to differences in the elements of the marketing mix—the 4 Ps (product, price, promotion, and place). (Mullins, 2010) Accessible: The segmentation criteria should measure or describe the segments clearly enough so that members can be readily identified and accessed, in order for the marketer to know whether a given prospective customer is or is not in the tar- get market and in order to reach the prospective customer with advertising or other marketing communication messages. (Mullins, 2010) Sizeable: the segmentation process should determine the size and market potential of each segment for use in prioritizing which segments to pursue. (Mullins, 2010) A part of analyzing market segments is to understand who and where are the customers and why do they differ. Market segments should be formed in that way that difference between buyers within each segment is as small as possible. Segmentation helps marketers’ distinguish one customer group from another within a given market which is geographic area, demographic characteristics, social class, and stage in family life cycle, personality, self-image or benefits. Since every buyer has their own individual needs, preferences, resources etc, it may become a challenge if marketers are looking to cater every customer’s needs. Since I am an athlete, I can be targeted for running shoes of a particular style that provides me with the support and stability that I need when I run. Based on my needs, I am most segmented to be a prospective buyer that is moved by price and promotion, making sure I am getting the best deal for the product that I am interested in. In the end, the product that provides the best bundle of benefits—given the customer’s particular needs— is most likely to  be purchased (Mullins, 2010). Reference Mullins, J. W., Walker, Jr., O. C., & Boyd, H. W. (2010). Marketing management: A strategic decision making approach (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

How do you respond to the presentation of Curley’s wife in ‘Of Mice and Men’? Essay

Curley’s wife is presented as quite an ambiguous character. She is seen in two ways: in one way she is seen as `jail bait’, a `tart’ and `tramp’. In another way she is seen as a victim of a male society, the only female on the farm. Even as a main character in the novel, she remains nameless and only as `Curley’s wife’. This makes her sound like Curley’s property like Curley’s horse or clothes. This is also symbolic of the role of women at the time in which Of Mice and Men was set. Curley’s wife is seen as a very promiscuous woman, but that is only because of the picture you build in your mind from the description of her flirtatious attitudes. Before we even meet Curley’s wife she is degraded by Candy, the `old swamper’. He accuses her of having â€Å"the eye† even though she has been married two weeks: â€Å"You know what I think? †¦ I think Curleys married a tart.† Candy says this becaus e, Curley’s wife gives a few of the other workers â€Å"the eye.† or so he thinks. Curley’s wife enters the bunkhouse; she uses the excuse that she is looking for Curley. She does not seem to want to leave. George tells her that he was here earlier. She still does not leave though, â€Å"she put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward.† This demonstrates her flirtatious nature. Curley’s wife backs her story up by saying, â€Å"sometimes he’s in here† looking at her hands as she does so. She finally leaves when George again tells her that Curley isn’t there. â€Å"Nobody can’t blame a person for looking.† Curley’s wife says this almost to protect herself, as if to say, nobody can fault her if she is only looking for her husband. When thinking about or looking at what Curley’s wife is wearing, you would not associate it with every day life on a farm; she is out of place. Does this carry on throughout the story? Is she always out of place? â€Å"She had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled cluster s, like sausages. She wore cotton house dress and red mules. On the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.† The constant reminder of red gives us two ideas: one, red being used as the colour of passion. Yet another sign of Curley’s wife’s flirtatious manner: two, red showing danger. All the signs of red could be a link to the red dress of the girl in Weed, where George and Lennie previously worked. Could there be a link? Curley’s wife recognises that her body and sexuality are her only weapons and she’s using them. In Steinbeck’s words â€Å"she had only one thing to sell and she knew it.† Curley’s wife is portrayed as this `tart’ and `jail bait’ not purely by accident. This portrayal is purely through the author’s actions. The mere fact that she is known only as Curley’s wife is a clear sign of her anonymity. She is given no name or in fact no identity. Is this hatred to women on Steinback’s part, or is he addressing the stereotyp ical attitudes towards women? Curley’s wife like everybody else has dreams. Curley’s wife’s dream is to be a star. Curley’s wife was asked to go on a show when she was younger, but her mother wouldn’t let her. Curley’s wife remembers a man in the â€Å"pitchers.† Said he’d write to her about becoming an actress and being in the movies. Curley’s wife says that her mother stole the letter when it came, to stop her from reaching her dream, when it really didn’t come at all. â€Å"Well I wasn’t gonna stay no place where I couldn’t get nowhere or make something of myself†¦ so I married Curley† this gives a strong impression that she married Curley purely out of spite, toward her mother. She goes on to say that â€Å"I don’ like Curley† this confirms the fact that she married him out of spite. Like the rest of the dreams in of Mice and Men hers so far has failed. â€Å"I coulda made somethin of myself†¦ maybe I will yet.† But Curley’s wife is still holding on to a faint glimmer of hope. This may explain Curley’s wife’s behaviour on the ranch; she may see it as a stage and the workers as her audience. In chapter four our attitudes towards Curley’s wife change dramatically throughout. In the beginning a feeling of sympathy and loneliness is aroused, because of her failed dreams and the way her husband treats her or rather doesn’t treat her â€Å"Think I don’t know where they all went?† Curley and the other ranch workers are spending their evening in a brothel. Toward the end a feeling of hatred or dislike is built up, beginning with her flirtatious manner to Lennie, ending with her racial abuse and threats towards Crooks: â€Å"I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny.† This is another sign of the society at that time. Curley’s wife mocks the dream of George, Lennie and Candy, saying that they almost had better things to spend their money on: â€Å"Baloney†¦ I seen too many you guys. If you had two cents in the worl’ why you’d be getting two shots of corn†¦ And sucking the bottom of the glass.† This is a clear sign, to the reader, of her naivetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Here she is mocking others dreams, when not so long ago her dream shattered around her. Curley’s wife’s death can be looked upon in many different ways. From the way the other characters are seen to respond, it is as if they are the victims of the death and not her. The way in which the author describes the body is the opposite: â€Å"She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young.† This would suggest an innocent frame of mind, as if her death had transformed her. To someone or something better. Even though Curley’s wife is dead, she is still subject to blame. Candy is one of those who feel this way, talking to the lifeless body â€Å"You done it, di’n’t you? I s’pose you’re glad. Everybody knowed you’d mess things up. You wasn’t no good. You aint no good now, you lousy tart.† When the `guys’ find out about her death, I don’t think that Curley seems to realise that his wife is dead. He doesn’t stop to mourn at all, or hold her one last time, as any self-respecting man would do. He is only interested in one thing, revenge. In conclusion Curley’s wife is seen as an ambiguous character. Her moods and mannerisms change throughout the novel. She is presented, as somebody that no one likes not even her own husband. I think this is character is very misunderstood and if anyone was to take the time to get to know her a little better I’m sure Curley’s wife could be a very `nice’ person.

Electoral College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electoral College - Essay Example Pelayo was elected by his Visigothic nobles before becoming king of Asturias and Pepin the Sort was also elected by his Frankish nobles so as to become the first Carolingian king (Wedgewood 29-36). In the Holy Roman Empire, the King of the Romans was selected by the college of prince electors from the late Middle Ages until 1792 when the last election took place (Wedgewood 29-36). The Church in the West left electoral power exclusively to the College of Canons of the Cathedral Church. In the case of the Pope, selection is left to the exclusive authority of the College of Cardinals since 1059. Currently, the United States of America is the best illustration of a society that uses the Electoral College System to indirectly elect the president and the vice president (Sabato 20-35). Framers of the Unites States’ Constitution devised the Electoral College as procedure to indirectly elect the president by the people. The Constitutional Convention came up with so various methods of selecting the president which included selection of the president by the Congress; selection of the president by the State Legislature; selection of the president through direct popular vote (Kolodny 45-65). These procedures were rejected for various reasons such as threats of power bargaining and corruption (Longley and Pierce 12-17). Finally, the convention settled for the indirect method of election of the president through the Electoral College and this procedure was stipulated in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States (Kolodny 45-65). The article on the Electoral College has undergone several amendments in 1880, 1804 (12th Amendment) and in 1876. The last amendment to the Electoral College was made through the 23rd Amendment which gave the District of Columbia the right to vote for three electors just as the residents of other states

PR plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PR plan - Assignment Example Such people have to conduct many helpful public relations strategies for efficient interactions with the public in order to succeed their viewpoints. Rob Ford is currently the mayor of Toronto, but has also served as Canadian politician for three years. Meanwhile, the mayor has many personal controversies which usually threatened his political career. He faced the charges of drug abuse in the year 2013 (Sussman and Susan142). He denied all allegations, but after serious investigations by the police, his videos were discovered involving drug syndicates. Later, Rob accepted the allegations of smoking cocaine, driving while drunk and use of illegal drug abuse. The council cannot be able to dismiss him from the office of the mayor according to law, as a result of, such scandals. Rob has to serve as mayor with a negative reputation thus requiring an image overhaul. Rob must, therefore, interact with people of Toronto to create a good image despite the scandal about drug abuse. The audiences commonly targeted are those who consume alcohol, use anabolic steroids, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine and opiates. Students in secondary schools, colleges and universities are also included. The appropriate ways of reaching the audience is by using the social media to reach the people, conduct public rallies and seminars and visiting education institutions. Rob will be accompanied by other ten members who will assist in taking minutes and other activities. The ten members will conduct public campaigns against drug abuse during Rob’s official hours. The will use transit with by speakers to campaign in the villages and towns. The whole project will take a whole month to access the targeted audience. Rob will hold public meetings in urban and towns to address the efforts he made to stop using drugs. Some of the groups will uphold in posting the good image about Rob, as a result of, quitting from

Professional Journal Article Review 01 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Journal Review 01 - Article Example In addition, there are a number of things to be considered in leadership. Notably, these variables are a must study when it comes to leadership. First and foremost there is a leader, who is the person influencing the other people and hence gives instructions to be followed for a better achievement of goals. Consequently, there is the members, who are the subjects given the instructions by the leader and they are expected to follow. Also, there are goals to be met by the members and the leader. In fact, there are very many lessons that can be drawn from this piece because leadership is something that applies to our daily lives. Therefore, in leadership both the leader and the members must be ready to work hand in hand. This article highlights the actual meaning of planning and the need to plan. Consequently, it gives the types of planning techniques and the merits and demerits of each technique. Also, it gives suggestions on the best planning technique to use in management. Therefore, planning is the act of determining what is to be done first and what is to be done later. Subsequently, the need to plan is to ensure that everything runs smoothly in ascending order of urgency. However there are a number of characteristics of planning which includes planning is a mental activity and goal oriented. The two journals talks of crucial matters to be considered in business studies since one cannot run a business or be a manager without the leadership skills. Nevertheless, one cannot be effective in business without the proper planning. All these must be taught in business

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Essay

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - Essay Example The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program is a grant that aims to help move recipients into work, and therefore turn the welfare into a temporary assistance program. The report focuses on effecting changes in the social programs of the United States. It targets the branch of the government that deals with temporary assistance for families classified as needy (TANF). The recipients of this report are the various organizations, both governmental and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), which deal with welfare funding. Following the continuous complaints from American citizens about the social welfare of the working class, the issue of primary concern is that the current program falls under the Social Security Act enacted on August 14th, 1935. The nation has formed welfare recipients under the renewed act. The renewed act is the Personal Responsibility Act of 1996 based on work opportunity reconciliation. Problem Statement According to government statistics, the TANF program is represented by 31% of white families, 33% black, and 29% Hispanic (Kearn, 2000). It is important to note that the aim of the program is to provide funds to needy families with a five-year limit on financial assistance. In fact, total welfare spending for the year ending 2010 reached an astounding $900 billion. The problem arises when, even with the large amounts spent on assisting poor families, more families keep being added to the system.

Monetary Policy & International Finance and the Exchange Rate Essay

Monetary Policy & International Finance and the Exchange Rate - Essay Example The supply curve analysis indicates that an increase in the amount of nonborrowed reserves implies there will be right shift in the supply curve. The implication is that the governemnt funds rate will not rise any further and a constant value may be achieved. As a result, the open market purchase will result into a rise in the monetary base and hence the monetary supply. The central bank uses rediscount operations which allows the banks to borrow from the central as part of its checks and measures on economic stability. While this approach is crucial for ensuring that there is no economic recession, there is evidence that there is danger when the central banks lends to other banks. One problem with this operation is that it prevents banks that would have failed from failing. While the failure of bank may be a sign of economic instability, there are many other causes for the collapse of banks. For instance, poor management strategies within a bank may result to its failure (Kashyap & Stein, 2004). While there is need to support banks and to prevent them from collapsing, there are times when lending to such banks does not solve the problem. Banks that have weak management should be streamline their operation rather than lend them, an approach that may not its problems. Therefore lending to banks that are in the verge of collapsing poses danger to the public as they feel that such a bank is stable while it dependent on borrowing. III. Compare the use of open-market-operations, central bank lending facilities (rediscounting), and changes in reserve requirements to control the money supply on the following criteria: flexibility, reversibility, effectiveness, and speed of implementation. The open-market operations are one of the most flexible approaches of controlling the money supply. Since this method is under the control of the government, it is possible to use it to fine tune the market and to achieve

Humanism and the Renaissance + Protestant Reformation Essay Example for Free

Humanism and the Renaissance + Protestant Reformation Essay The later Middle Ages is characterized as a time of great transition and advancement, especially pertaining to areas of politics, economics, art and intellect. A new trend towards the pursuit of new knowledge and ideas first emerged in fifteenth century Renaissance Italy. This new area of intellect marks the emergence of humanism, which essentially came to be the defining characteristic leading up to the Scientific Revolution in the eighteenth century. The Protestant Reformation can be seen as the second catalyst to the Scientific Revolution, which occurred around the turn of the fifteenth century. It was the combination of the expansion of humanism first witnessed during the Renaissance creating the desire for knowledge, greater meaning and ultimate truths, with the power gained on part of the individual during the Protestant Reformation allowing for the pursuit of these new questions and ideas which, at the time, opposed existing knowledge that was universally accepted to be true; this combination ultimately culminated in the methods, principles, knowledge and foundations realized during the Scientific Revolution. The Renaissance is a seen a distinct period of time emerging in the beginning of the fifteenth century, immediately following what is now termed the Middle Ages. First manifesting itself in Italy, it is considered â€Å"a period which witnessed transition from the medieval to the modern age, that is to say, the latter part of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century† (Bishop, 130).[i] Renaissance literally means â€Å"rebirth,† referring to the rebirth of antiquity, or Greco-Roman civilization. Prior to this, â€Å"the advanced knowledge of the natural world possessed by the ancient Greeks meant little to the Romans, and for a long time that knowledge went into decline,† – this is, until now (Henry, 557).[ii] Many aspects of life were greatly impacted, including areas of politics, economics, art and intellect. This new outlook sparked the initiation of a movement toward greater education. Education was seen as the key to living a prosperous and fulfilled life. In particular, the importance of liberal studies was widely agreed upon. Several key events during this time allowed for the spread of knowledge, creating the â€Å"beckoning toward wider horizons† (Buttimer, 11).[iii] For example, the invention of the printing press encouraged the printing of books, which culminated in scholarly research. Additionally, there was a greater availability to the lay people than ever before; previously, there was simply no access to such information. A historian describes this occurrence: â€Å"alien tongues and races have been drawn together, and have learned once again to understand each other’s speech, and to enter into each other’s thought† (Bishop, 131).[iv] Intellect and education began bringing people together who otherwise would not have ever circulated his or her new ideas and thoughts. Some individuals in particular are credited with the fact that â€Å"the reforms enacted were substantial. At an increasing number of Northern universities, Greek became a regular subject and specialists were hired to teach it. Old Textbooks †¦ were abandoned after having been used for centuries and were replaced with products of humanism† (Nauert, 429).[v] Among the individuals most recognized for their impact on this time in history exists Desiderius Erasmus. Inarguably, Erasmus can be seen as a perfect demonstration of a humanist. â€Å"Erasmus was before all else a scholar and a humanist. He was filled with a genuine enthusiasm for learning† (Bishop, 137).[vi] It was this motivated spirit that drove the culmination of the humanistic movement. Intellect and scholarly research was greatly dedicated to religion. Erasmus â€Å"insisted that the dialectic method of the academic theologians had produced a theological science that concentrated on trivial, abstruse questions of little or no real value to the needs of the church† (Nauert, 431).[vii] This argument became the basis for much of Erasmus’ highly esteemed, accredited work; he was â€Å"determined to defend [his] status as orthodox Catholic† (Nauert, 431).[viii] Soon, modern humanists greatest opposition was the church. Many criticized Erasmus, believing that he â€Å"lacked theological training and hence had neither a legal nor an intellectual right to speak and publish on questions involving theology and the Bible† (Nauert, 431).[ix] Until this point in my discussion thus far, not much opposition has been mentioned. It is very important and essential to note that this new topic of new knowledge created extreme amounts of tension, ultimately culminating in the Protestant Reformation. At the same as scholars such as Erasmus, Bacon and Galileo emerged, â€Å"scholastic theologians arrogantly sat back and issued condemnations,† which greatly hindered the advancement of intellect (Nauert, 431).[x] Clearly established thus far was the recently renewed desire for new knowledge; in response, many new education establishments received great support and ideas began to circulate. In order for the continuing and pursuit of the ever evolving goals of humanists, there needed to be some change that would allow for this. This is one contributing factor to Erasmus’ dedication to reforming the church. Conflicts among humanists and scholars â€Å"reflect[ed] a disharmony that is fundamental,† and furthermore came to define â€Å"the dispute over academic competency and ‘exacerbation of the debate during the Reformation’ as the two forces† behind the matter (Nauert, 432).[xi] By this point in time it was seen as a necessity that religion be transformed. Among several attempts throughout history, â€Å"the Protestant Reformation is the only attempt that was successfully institutionalized† (Bellah, 369).[xii] So much work thus far had been the foundational truth: â€Å"scholastic philosophers and theologians spent long years acquiring the skills of dialectical argumentation and familiarity with the opinions of the past authorities, both ancient and medieval† (Nauert, 433).[xiii] It would take great influence to override these criticisms, but Erasmus laid the foundation for Martin Luther. â€Å"Erasmus’ pains were those of a delicate body and a sensitive and intellectual mind, amid surrounds which were uncongenial and indeed fatal to any humane culture† (Bishop, 135).[xiv] Whereas this was so, â€Å"Luther’s misery arose from the pains and travail of his moral nature in his endeavor to find peace with God† (Bishop, 135).[xv] For, it was â€Å"out of these throes of conscience a great religious movement was to be born† (Bishop, 135).[xvi] It was the combination of the significant influence witnessed having been imparted by Erasmus and Martin Luther that finally instigated the long time coming Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was the main event occurring during the Renaissance that allowed for the institutionalizing of knowledge and new ways of obtaining and exploring it. The defining characteristic concerning the Protestant Reformation is â€Å"the collapse of the hierarchical structuring of both this and the other world† (Bellah, 368).[xvii] It was the leadership of modern intellectuals, or humanists, such as Erasmus and Luther that proved to be a catalyst to the movement: â€Å"Luther by a spiritual declaration of independence in which he boldly cast off, once and forever the ecclesiastical authority of Rome† (Bellah, 370).[xviii] It was the consistency marked by the motivation of the ever evolving humanists, with the newly found sense of confidence toward the ability to influence society that culminated in the beginnings of the Scientific Revolution. â€Å"During the late Middle Ages ,the application of natural philosophy logic to theology transformed it into an analytic discipline. The extraordinary nature of this transformation is manifested when we see the kinds of questions that were routinely discussed in the average theological treatise.†[xix] The humanists’ demands for answers and unceasing attitudes at the time finally paid off. Prior to the Protestant Revolution, the many attempts of humanists to voice their opinion and freely explore their new interests without having to fear the authorities. Historians have â€Å"emphasized human attitudes and values† in this fight for intellectual freedom† (Buttimer, 5).[xx] The Protestant Reformation as a continuation of the beginnings of the humanism movement paved the way for the Scientific Revolution. â€Å"Before science could have reached the stage it did in the seventeenth century, there had to be a widespread use of reason and reasoned analysis. The medieval universities supplied the intellectual context for all of Western Europe. They developed a new approach to nature† (Grant, 420).[xxi] The new religious organization allowed for intellectuals and humanists of the time to truly pursue their ideas that were in opposition to previously existing knowledge that had been universally accepted as being true. Overall this culmination of the split between Church and State, the power granted to the individual due to the Protestant Reformation, and the defining characteristics of humanism during the Renaissance were the leading factors in the birth of the Scientific Revolution. Intellectuals in the seventeenth century soon came to view the world and universe as never before. For example, it was now known that rather than existing in an earth-centered universe, they were in fact living in a sun-centered universe. Famous figures in history existing at this time continued the already established tradition, and were able to impart great influence. These figures include, but are not limited to, Galileo, Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton. There emerged a shift from thinking the abstract, such subjects that previous philosophers had once been dedicated to, to pondering and experimenting the physical world around them. Prior to this time, Aristotle, Galen and Ptolemy were relied on for foundations concerning the fields of physics, medicine, and astronomy. Just as there were certain individuals and movements that laid the foundations previously, there are also those researchers who were responsible for the carrying on of life into the Scientific Revolution. â€Å"It remained for Galileo, however, to apply the mean speed theorem to the motion of real falling bodies and to devise and experiment to determine if bodies really fall with uniform acceleration. Thus began the new science of mechanics and the beginnings of modern physics† (Grant, 421).[xxii] Before Galileo was even able to begin his investigations concerning the previous, it was essential that the events and transformations during the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries occurred. More modern discoveries attributed to the seventeenth century and furthermore during the Enlightenment, would have been seriously delayed had this transformation not occurred. People were finally granted the power, and discovered a new found sense of confidence when it came to the pursuit of new kn owledge and ideas. If it had not been for this fight, individuals like Galileo would have had this job to do themselves. It is important to note that the culmination of the Scientific Revolution did â€Å"originate with the great scientific minds of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, from the likes of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton† (Grant, 421).[xxiii] Furthermore, this historian in particular states that â€Å"although it is possible to insist that the full-blown concept of intertia did not appear before Newton, there can be no denying that Galileo, Pierre Gassendi, and Descartes played a role in opposing the Aristotelian concept that everything that moves must be continuously moved by something else and in suggesting instead that once something was moving perhaps it might simply carry on moving until something else stopped it† (Henry, 554).[xxiv] Several important foundations for the study of nature, and in general life at its core, were products of the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and ultimately the Scientific Revolution. If it were not for the perseverance of humanists, and their sense of devotion, the advancements included in the Scientific Revolution may have not come for some time down the road. One of the most important outcomes that is still used as a basis today for scientific experimentation is the scientific method. â€Å"The scientific method is such that, whatever the weaknesses of human endeavor, scientific truths will steadily emerge and will come to be recognized and established as a matter of inevitability† (Henry, 555).[xxv] In a way, Henry’s definition of the scientific method can be seen as already applying to the transformation that created it. ENDNOTES: [i] Bishop, W. S. B. (1906). The sewanee review. Erasmus,14(2), 129-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530759 [ii] Henry, J. H. (2008). Isis. Ideology, Inevitability, and the Scientific Revolution, 99(3), 552-559. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/591713 [iii] â€Å"Geography, Humanism, and Global Concern.† Anne Buttimer. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Vol. 80, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 1-33. [iv] Bishop, W. S. B. (1906). The Sewanee review. Erasmus,14(2), 129-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530759 [v] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 . [vi] Bishop, W. S. B. (1906). The Sewanee review. Erasmus,14(2), 129-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530759 [vii] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 . [viii] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 [ix] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 [x] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 [xi] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 [xii] Bellah, R. N. B. (1964). American sociological review.Religious Evolution, 29(3), 358-374. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2091480 [xiii] Nauert, C. G. N. (1998). The sixteenth century journal.Humanism as Method: Roots of Conflict with the Scholastics , 29(2), 427-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2544524 [xiv] â€Å"Bishop, W. S. B. (1906). The sewanee review. Erasmus,14(2), 129-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530759 [xv] Bishop, W. S. B. (1906). The sewanee review. Erasmus,14(2), 129-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530759 [xvi] Bishop, W. S. B. (1906). The sewanee review. Erasmus,14(2), 129-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530759 [xvii] Bellah, R. N. B. (1964). American sociological review.Religious Evolution, 29(3), 358-374. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2091480 [xviii] Bellah, R. N. B. (1964). American sociological review.Religious Evolution, 29(3), 358-374. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2091480 [xix] Grant, E. G. (2004). Scientific Imagination in the Middle Ages.